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Solenodon genome reveals convergent evolution of venom in eulipotyphlan mammals. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Venom systems, which aid in predation and defense, have evolved across different organisms, yet various groups, including venomous mammals like shrews and solenodons, are still under-researched.
  • - The study focused on the endangered Hispaniolan solenodon, analyzing its venom by constructing a genome to identify toxins and assessing their evolutionary implications and functionalities, revealing that its venom contains specific serine proteases causing hypotensive effects.
  • - The results indicated that solenodon and shrew venoms evolved independently from a common ancestor, signifying four independent origins of venom in the Eulipotyphla order, highlighting an instance of convergent evolution where distinct species developed similar functions despite differing genetic backgrounds.

Article Abstract

Venom systems are key adaptations that have evolved throughout the tree of life and typically facilitate predation or defense. Despite venoms being model systems for studying a variety of evolutionary and physiological processes, many taxonomic groups remain understudied, including venomous mammals. Within the order Eulipotyphla, multiple shrew species and solenodons have oral venom systems. Despite morphological variation of their delivery systems, it remains unclear whether venom represents the ancestral state in this group or is the result of multiple independent origins. We investigated the origin and evolution of venom in eulipotyphlans by characterizing the venom system of the endangered Hispaniolan solenodon (). We constructed a genome to underpin proteomic identifications of solenodon venom toxins, before undertaking evolutionary analyses of those constituents, and functional assessments of the secreted venom. Our findings show that solenodon venom consists of multiple paralogous kallikrein 1 () serine proteases, which cause hypotensive effects in vivo, and seem likely to have evolved to facilitate vertebrate prey capture. Comparative analyses provide convincing evidence that the oral venom systems of solenodons and shrews have evolved convergently, with the 4 independent origins of venom in eulipotyphlans outnumbering all other venom origins in mammals. We find that s have been independently coopted into the venom of shrews and solenodons following their divergence during the late Cretaceous, suggesting that evolutionary constraints may be acting on these genes. Consequently, our findings represent a striking example of convergent molecular evolution and demonstrate that distinct structural backgrounds can yield equivalent functions.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6926037PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906117116DOI Listing

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