S-nitrosylated l-serine-modified dendrimer as a kidney-targeting nitric oxide donor for prevention of renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury.

Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is known to play a role in renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury; therefore, kidney-targeting NO donor is expected to prevent renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. We therefore developed an S-nitrosylated L-serine-modified polyamidoamine dendrimer (SNO-Ser-PAMAM), in which multiple S-nitrosothiols (NO donors) were covalently bound to L-serine-modified dendrimer, as a kidney-targeting NO donor. In the pharmacokinetic study, approximately 76% of In-SNO-Ser-PAMAM accumulated in the kidney after intravenous injection in mice. Furthermore, single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging study showed that In-SNO-Ser-PAMAM specifically accumulated in the renal cortex after intravenous injection. SNO-Ser-PAMAM gradually released NO over a day in plasma, indicating that SNO-Ser-PAMAM would show sustained release of NO . In a mouse model of renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury, increased plasma creatinine, a kidney damage marker, and histological changes were effectively inhibited by intravenous administration of SNO-Ser-PAMAM. These results indicate that SNO-Ser-PAMAM is a promising kidney-targeting NO donor for the efficient prevention of renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury.