and Synergistic Effects of Florfenicol and Thiamphenicol in Combination Against Swine and .

Potential synergism between florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TAP) was investigated for efficacy against and/or as well as efficacy in swine. Among isolates of ( = 58) and ( = 79) from pigs in Taiwan that were tested, high percentages showed resistance to FF (52 and 53%, respectively) and TAP (57 and 53%, respectively). Checkerboard microdilution assay indicated that synergism [fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ≤ 0.5] was detected in 17% of (all serovar 1) and 24% of isolates. After reconfirming the strains showing FICI ≤ 0.625 with time kill assay, the synergism increased to around 32% against both bacteria and the number could further increase to 40% against resistant and 65% against susceptible isolates. A challenge-treatment trial in pigs with showed that the FF + TAP dosage at ratios correspondent to their MIC deduction was equally effective to the recommended dosages. Further on the combination, the resistant mutation frequency is very low when is grown with FF + TAP and similar to the exposure to sub-inhibitory concentration of FF or TAP alone. The degree of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) reduction in FF could reach 75% (1/4 MIC) or more (up to 1/8 MIC for , 1/16 for ) when combined with 1/4 MIC of TAP (or 1/8 for ). The synergism or FICI ≤ 0.625 of FF with oxytetracycline (47%), doxycycline (69%), and erythromycin (56%) was also evident, and worth further investigation for FF as a central modulator facilitating synergistic effects with these antimicrobials. Taken together, synergistic FF + TAP combination was effective against swine pulmonary isolates of and both and Thus, this study may offer a potential alternative for the treatment of and infections and has the potential to greatly reduce drug residues and withdrawal time.