Effect of tidal volume on gas exchange during rescue ventilation.

Tidal volume V required for mouth-to-mouth (MTM) and bag-valve-mask (BVM) rescue ventilation remains debatable owing to differences in physiology and end-point objectives. Analysis of gas transport may clarify minimum necessary V and its determinants. Alveolar and arterial O and CO responses to MTM and air BVM ventilation for V between 0.4 and 1.2 liters were computed using a model of gas exchange that incorporates inspired gas concentrations, airway dead space, cardiac output, pulmonary shunt, blood gas dissociation curves, tissue compartments, and metabolic rate. Parameters were adjusted to match published human data. Steady state arterial oxygen saturation reached plateaus at V above 0.7 liters with MTM and 0.6 liters with air ventilation at 12 breaths per minute. Increasing shunt shifted oxygenation plateaus downward, but larger tidal volumes did not improve oxygen saturation. Carbon dioxide retention occurred at V below 2.3 liters for MTM ventilation and 0.6 liters for air ventilation. Results establish a physiological foundation for tidal volume requirements during resuscitation.