Dynamics of cluster-forming hub-filament systems: The case of the high-mass star-forming complex Monoceros R2.

Context: High-mass stars and star clusters commonly form within hub-filament systems. Monoceros R2 (hereafter Mon R2), at a distance of 830 pc, harbors one of the closest such systems, making it an excellent target for case studies.

Aims: We investigate the morphology, stability and dynamical properties of the Mon R2 hub-filament system.

Methods: We employ observations of the CO and CO 1→0 and 2→1 lines obtained with the IRAM-30m telescope. We also use H column density maps derived from dust emission observations.

Results: We identified the filamentary network in Mon R2 with the DisPerSE algorithm and characterized the individual filaments as either main (converging into the hub) or secondary (converging to a main filament) filaments. The main filaments have line masses of 30-100 pc and show signs of fragmentation, while the secondary filaments have line masses of 12-60 pc and show fragmentation only sporadically. In the context of Ostriker's hydrostatic filament model, the main filaments are thermally supercritical. If non-thermal motions are included, most of them are trans-critical. Most of the secondary filaments are roughly transcritical regardless of whether non-thermal motions are included or not. From the morphology and kinematics of the main filaments, we estimate a mass accretion rate of 10-10 yr into the central hub. The secondary filaments accrete into the main filaments with a rate of 0.1-0.4×10 yr. The main filaments extend into the central hub. Their velocity gradients increase towards the hub, suggesting acceleration of the gas.We estimate that with the observed infall velocity, the mass-doubling time of the hub is ~ 2:5 Myr, ten times larger than the free-fall time, suggesting a dynamically old region. These timescales are comparable with the chemical age of the Hii region. Inside the hub, the main filaments show a ring- or a spiral-like morphology that exhibits rotation and infall motions. One possible explanation for the morphology is that gas is falling into the central cluster following a spiral-like pattern.