The subgenomes show asymmetric expression of alleles in hybrid lineages of × .

Hybridization drives rapid speciation by shaping novel genotypic and phenotypic profiles. Genomic incompatibility and transcriptome shock have been observed in hybrids, although this is rarer in animals than in plants. Using the newly sequenced genomes of the blunt snout bream ( [BSB]) and the topmouth culter ( [TC]), we focused on the sequence variation and gene expression changes in the reciprocal intergeneric hybrid lineages (F-F) of BSB × TC. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis identified 145-974 expressed recombinant genes in the successive generations of hybrid fish, suggesting the rapid emergence of allelic variation following hybridization. Some gradual changes of gene expression with additive and dominance effects and various and regulations were observed from F to F in the two hybrid lineages. These asymmetric patterns of gene expression represent the alternative strategies for counteracting deleterious effects of the subgenomes and improving adaptability of novel hybrids. Furthermore, we identified positive selection and additive expression patterns in transforming growth factor, beta 1b (), which may account for the morphological variations of the pharyngeal jaw in the two hybrid lineages. Our current findings provide insights into the evolution of vertebrate genomes immediately following hybridization.