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Toxic-induced cerebellar syndrome (TOICS) poses substantial neurological challenges, given its diverse causes and complex manifestations. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained significant attention owing to enhanced biocompatibility for therapeutic interventions. We aimed to investigate the impacts of AuNPs on cerebellar cytomolecular, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the context of phenytoin-experimentally induced TOICS.

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Objective: To assess the alterations of endogenous sex hormone profiles in patients with epilepsy (PWE) on different antiepileptic drug (AED) monotherapies compared to healthy controls and drug naïve PWE (DNPWE).

Methods: Four databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and CENTRAL were searched for analytical observational/intervention studies on the assessment of endogenous sex hormones in PWE compared to healthy controls and DNPWE. Two researchers reviewed the title/abstract, and full-text articles for the selection of the studies independently.

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Children exposed prenatally to antiepileptic drugs may have a typical facies characterized by midfacial retrusion, a short nose, and anteverted nares. Our aim was to determine whether the shape of the maxilla was altered in its sagittal displacement, or whether the defect in the underlying articulation with the cranial base was responsible for the appearance of midface retrusion. Our hypothesis was that the sphenoid bone as well as the maxilla and other bones in the cranial base were affected by the anticonvulsant medication.

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Article Synopsis
  • Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects quality of life and involves changes in brain activity, neurotransmitter imbalances, and GABA receptor dysfunction, with its causes still not fully understood.
  • Thyroid hormones are important for brain function and can influence seizure activity by regulating oxidative stress and neurotransmitter levels, so defects in their signaling may lead to more frequent seizures and neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Traditional antiseizure medications may disrupt thyroid hormone levels, with some, like phenobarbital and carbamazepine, potentially causing hypothyroidism, while newer medications like levetiracetam don’t impact thyroid levels, highlighting the complex interplay between seizures and thyroid hormone dynamics.
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