The connections linking neurons within and between cerebral cortical areas form a multiscale network for communication. We review recent work relating essential features of cortico-cortical connections, such as their existence and laminar origins and terminations, to fundamental structural parameters of cortical areas, such as their distance, similarity in cytoarchitecture, defined by lamination or neuronal density, and other macroscopic and microscopic structural features. These analyses demonstrate the presence of an architectonic type principle. Across species and cortices, the essential features of cortico-cortical connections vary consistently and strongly with the cytoarchitectonic similarity of cortical areas. By contrast, in multivariate analyses such relations were not found consistently for distance, similarity of cortical thickness, or cellular morphology. Gradients of laminar cortical differentiation, as reflected in overall neuronal density, also correspond to regional variations of cellular features, forming a spatially ordered natural axis of concerted architectonic and connectional changes across the cortical sheet. The robustness of findings across mammalian brains allows cross-species predictions of the existence and laminar patterns of projections, including estimates for the human brain that are not yet available experimentally. The architectonic type principle integrates cortical connectivity and architecture across scales, with implications for computational explorations of cortical physiology and developmental mechanisms.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00100 | DOI Listing |
RSC Adv
July 2024
Department of Urban and Regional Development, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 South Korea.
Highly sensitive and low-cost electrocatalytic materials are of great importance for the commercial application of non-enzymatic glucose sensors. Herein, we fabricated a novel one-pot enzyme- and indicator-free method for the colorimetric sensing of blood glucose levels based on the direct redox reaction of β-MnO/glucose. Owing to the introduction of ammonium acetate and the enhanced oxygen evolution reaction, the higher conductive β-MnO nanosheets with the larger surface area were directly grown on the conductive substrate by a linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) electrodeposition method.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Surg Case Rep
December 2023
Department of Faculty Surgery No. 2, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Dovator Street 15, Moscow 119048, Russia.
Introduction: The normal anatomy of the celiac trunk (CT) is characterized by splitting into three branches in approximately 80 % of cases. In other cases, multiple anatomical variations can be observed. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical case featuring an extremely rare location of common hepatic artery (CHA) and to emphasize the importance of being familiar with possible anatomical variations of the hepatic artery through preoperative imaging in preparation for oncological surgery.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurochem Int
December 2023
Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA 7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France. Electronic address:
Glucocorticoids administered early in infancy can affect the architectonic organization of brain structures, particularly those with a postnatal development and resulting in long-term deficits of neuromotor function and cognition. The present study was undertaken to study the effects of daily corticosterone (CORT) injections at a pharmacological dose from postnatal days 8-15 on cerebellar and hippocampal development in mouse pups. Gene expression status for trophic factors involved in synaptic development and function as well as measures of layer thickness associated with cytochrome oxidase labelling were analyzed in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and specific cerebellar lobules involved in motor control.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCells
June 2023
UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
Once outside the synaptic cleft, the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is rapidly bound by its high-affinity transporters, which are expressed in abundance on the surface of perisynaptic astroglia. While this binding and the subsequent uptake of glutamate constrain excitatory transmission mainly within individual synapses, there is growing evidence for the physiologically important extrasynaptic actions of glutamate. However, the mechanistic explanation and the scope of such actions remain obscure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
April 2023
Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of connective tissue disorders with different types of inheritance. OI is characterized by bone fragility and deformities, frequent fractures, low bone-mineral density, and impaired bone micro-architectonics. We described here a case of a one-year-old Tuvan patient with multiple fractures.
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