Synchronous synthesis of CuO/Cu/rGO@carbon nanomaterials photocatalysts via the sodium alginate hydrogel template method for visible light photocatalytic degradation.

A series of CuO/Cu/rGO@carbon nanomaterial (CuO/Cu/rGO@CN) heterogeneous photocatalysts were successfully synthesized synchronously via a novel sodium alginate hydrogel method. CuO nanoparticles (~50nm) were synthesized by calcination under the protection of a nitrogen atmosphere. Cu nanoparticles (~6nm) inevitably appeared on the surface of CuO, thereby forming a CuO/Cu heterostructure which is known as a Schottky junction. Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were synchronously reduced in situ by sodium alginate during the synthesis process and eventually acted as a 3-D structure with the assistance of the hydrogel skeleton. Because of the 3-D rGO modification, both the adsorption capacity and the photocatalytic activity of CuO/Cu/rGO@CN were significantly improved. The rate of p-nitrochlorobenzene (p-NCB) degradation catalyzed by CuO/Cu/rGO@CN was ~1.97×10min, which was much higher than that of the degradation catalyzed by CuO/Cu@CN (~0.239×10min). This result could be attributed to the two-stage CuO/Cu/rGO heterostructure, which facilitated efficient electron-hole separation. This method has the advantages of nontoxic raw materials, facile synthesis and reduced auxiliary usage, providing a new technique for designing heterogeneous photocatalysts.