Phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides (Spring) Holub (Lycopodiaceae) led to the isolation of nine compounds, including two new serratene triterpenoids, serrat-14-en-3α,21α-diol (1), 26-nor-8-oxo-21-one-α-onocerin (6), one new abietane diterpenoid, lycocasuarinone A (7), one new sesquiterpene acid, 7, 9-diene-1,4-epoxy-2-hydroxy-10-carboxylic acid (8) and one new chromone derivative, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl esterchromone (9), together with four known serratene triterpenoids (2-5). Abietane diterpenoid (7) and sesquiterpene acid (8) from Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides are reported for the first time. Their structures and stereochemistry were unambiguously elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with known ones. All the compounds were tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrocholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities. Bioactivity assays revealed that compound 6 exhibited the most potent AChE inhibitory effect.
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