Antibacterial Film Formation through Iron(III) Complexation and Oxidation-Induced Cross-Linking of -DOPA.

Catechols are prone to oxidative polymerization as well as complex formation with metal ions. These two features of catechols have played an important role in the construction of functional films on various surfaces. For example, marine antifouling films and antibacterial films were successfully prepared by oxidative polymerization and metal complexation of catechol-containing molecules, respectively. However, the effect of simultaneous metal complexation and oxidative polymerization on functional film formation has not yet been fully investigated. Herein, as a derivative of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-l-alanine (DOPA), we synthesized an ethylene glycol-derivatized DOPA (-DOPA) and formed -DOPA thin films based on (1) oxidative polymerization and (2) the complexation between catechol groups of -DOPA and iron(III) (Fe) ions. Either or both approaches were used for the film formation. -DOPA film formation was characterized by ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Among the conditions used, the formation of a uniform film was only achieved with the dual cross-linking system of Fe complexation and oxidation-induced covalent bond formation. Compared to the uncoated substrate and other -DOPA films prepared under different conditions, the uniform -DOPA film strongly inhibited bacterial adhesion, showing excellent antibacterial capability. We think that our surface-coating strategy can be applied to medical devices, tools, and implants where bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation should be prevented. This work can also serve as a basis for the construction of functional thin films for other catechol-functionalized materials.