Analytical Methodology of Meiosis in Autopolyploid and Allopolyploid Plants.

Meiosis is the cellular process responsible for producing gametes with half the genetic content of the parent cells. Integral parts of the process in most diploid organisms include the recognition, pairing, synapsis, and recombination of homologous chromosomes, which are prerequisites for balanced segregation of half-bivalents during meiosis I. In polyploids, the presence of more than two sets of chromosomes adds to the basic meiotic program of their diploid progenitors the possibility of interactions between more than two chromosomes and the formation of multivalents, which has implications on chromosome segregations and fertility. The mode of how chromosomes behave in meiosis in competitive situations has been the aim of many studies in polyploid species, some of which are considered here. But polyploids are also of interest in the study of meiosis because some of them tolerate the loss of chromosome segments or complete chromosomes as well as the addition of chromosomes from related species. Deletions allow to assess the effect of specific chromosome segments on meiotic behavior. Introgression lines are excellent materials to monitor the behavior of a given chromosome in the genetic background of the recipient species. We focus on this approach here as based on studies carried out in bread wheat, which is commonly used as a model species for meiosis studies. In addition to highlighting the relevance of the use of materials derived from polyploids in the study of meiosis, cytogenetics tools such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and the immunolabeling of proteins interacting with DNA are also emphasized.