Cold shock induces chromosomal in species and plasmid-mediated in .

genes are found in aquatic bacteria and preceded the development of synthetic quinolones. Their natural functions are unknown. We evaluated the expression of chromosomal in species in response to environmental stresses and DNA damaging agents. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of quinolones, but not other DNA damaging agents, induced the expression of chromosomal by more than five times in and Cold shock also induced the expression of in and as well as in induction by cold shock was not altered in Δ or Δ mutants or in a strain over-expressing , that otherwise directly modulate induction by ciprofloxacin. In contrast, induction by cold shock was reduced in a Δ mutant in the cold shock regulon compared to the wild type. In conclusion, cold shock as well as quinolones induce chromosomal in species, and the related in