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Brain organoids are an exciting new technology with the potential to significantly change our understanding of the development and disorders of the human brain. With step-by-step differentiation protocols, three-dimensional neural tissues are self-organized from pluripotent stem cells, and recapitulate the major millstones of human brain development in vitro. Recent studies have shown that brain organoids can mimic the spatiotemporal dynamicity of neurogenesis, the formation of regional neural circuitry, and the integration of glial cells into a neural network. This suggests that brain organoids could serve as a representative model system to study the human brain. In this review, we will overview the development of brain organoid technology, its current progress and applications, and future prospects of this technology.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2019.0162 | DOI Listing |
Cancer Lett
March 2025
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Asan Preclinical Evaluation Center for Cancer Therapeutix, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea; Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea. Electronic address:
To enhance immunotherapy efficacy in pancreatic cancer, it is crucial to characterize its immune landscape and identify key factors driving immune alterations. To achieve this, we quantitatively analyzed the immune microenvironment using multiplex immunohistochemistry, assessing the spatial relationships between immune and tumor cells to correlate with patient survival rates and oncological factors. Additionally, through Whole Exome Sequencing analysis based on public data, we explored genetic mutations that could drive these compositions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurobiol Dis
March 2025
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 3G9, Canada; Translational Biology and Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada. Electronic address:
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains an overwhelming epidemiologic and economic burden on our healthcare systems, affecting an estimate of 11 % of individuals aged 65 years and older. Increasing evidence of the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD pathology lends support to the vascular hypothesis of AD, which posits that damage to cerebral vasculature and impairments to cerebral blood flow are major contributors to neurodegeneration in AD. While the question remains whether the dysfunction of the BBB is the cause or consequence of the disease, understanding of the relationship between vascular pathology and AD is growing increasingly complex, warranting the need for better tools to study vasculature in AD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe creation and study of brain organoids may hold significant promise for understanding brain functions, disorders, and diseases. This research may also raise novel considerations and ethical concerns, but it has significant public and professional support when thoughtfully undertaken. Current legislative and judicial restrictions on abortion and pronouncements about fetal personhood could, however, have a surprisingly broad and unintended reach, even conceivably restricting the development and use of brain organoids and other biomedical and bioengineered research tools.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxicol Pathol
March 2025
Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia, USA.
The last session of the 2024 European Society of Toxicologic Pathology Congress was dedicated to recent neuro concepts, encompassing various topics including artificial intelligence (AI) applied to toxicologic pathology, new technologies for visualization and/or analysis of tissues, as well as specific case reports. Four presentations detailed the role of AI and computational pathology for toxicologic pathologists, usage of cryofluorescent tomography in neuropathology, blood-brain barrier organoids in early drug screening, and spatial transcriptomics in toxicologic pathology. In addition, there were two short presentations about a spontaneous brain lesion in Beagle dogs as well as central nervous system lesions related to adeno-associated virus vectors administration in various preclinical species.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeuroscientist
March 2025
Cortical Labs, Melbourne, Australia.
Harnessing intelligence from brain cells in vitro requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating wetware, hardware, and software. Wetware comprises the in vitro brain cells themselves, where differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells offers ethical scalability; hardware typically involves a life support system and a setup to record the activity from and deliver stimulation to the brain cells; and software is required to control the hardware and process the signals coming from and going to the brain cells. This review provides a broad summary of the foundational technologies underpinning these components, along with outlining the importance of technology integration.
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