Three novel Ambrosia Clade species producing clavate macroconidia known ( and ) or predicted () to be farmed by spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on woody hosts.

The Ambrosia Clade (AFC) comprises at least 16 genealogically exclusive species-level lineages within clade 3 of the species complex (FSSC). These fungi are either known or predicted to be farmed by Asian ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the tribe Xyleborini as a source of nutrition. To date, only 4 of the 16 AFC lineages have been described formally. In the absence of Latin binomials, an ad hoc nomenclature was developed to distinguish the 16 species lineages as AF-1 to AF-16. Herein, species AF-3, AF-5, and AF-7 were formally described as , and , respectively. farmed by on box elder () in Gainesville, Florida, was distinguished morphologically by the production of sporodochial conidia that were highly variable in size and shape together with greenish-pigmented chlamydospores. was isolated from a beetle-damaged Paŕa rubber tree () in North Borneo, Malaysia, and was diagnosed by production of the smallest sporodochial conidia of any species within the AFC. Lastly, was farmed by an unnamed ambrosia beetle designated sp. 3 ( species complex) on avocado () in Queensland, Australia. It uniquely produces some clavate sporodochial conidia with oblique septa. Maximum likelihood analysis of a multilocus data set resolved these three novel AFC taxa as phylogenetically distinct species based on genealogical concordance. Particularly where introduced into exotic environments, these exotic mutualists pose a serious threat to the avocado industry, native forests, and urban landscapes in diverse regions throughout the world.