Study Objective: To investigate why security of identical knot sequences is variable and how to avoid occasionally insecure knots.
Design: A factorial design was used to assess factors affecting the security of half knot (H) and half-hitch (S) knot combinations. The effect of tying forces and the risk factors to transform H knots into S knots were investigated. The risk factors evaluated were as follows: starting with an H1 or H2 instead of an H3 knot, inexperience, short sutures, and monomanual knot tying. Security of transformed knots, S2S1 and S2S2 knots, and their recuperation with 2 additional half hitches, SSb or SbSb, were evaluated.
Setting: Training center for laparoscopic suturing.
Patients: Not applicable.
Interventions: Security of knots was evaluated in vitro.
Measurements And Main Results: The forces that caused knot combinations to open before breaking of the suture were used to calculate the risk of opening with low forces. Tying more strongly increased the security of half knots (H2H1sH1s) (p <.02) and half hitches (p <.001). The forces needed to transform an H3 into an S3 are higher than those for an H2 (p <.001), and the risk increases when the surgeon is inexperienced (p <.001), when sutures are short (p <.001), and when monomanual knot tying (p <.001) is used. Inadvertently made S2S1 and S2S2 knots are dangerous, with the exception of the symmetric S2S2, which is stable. Unstable knots such as S2S1a and S2S2a knot combinations improve with 2 additional blocking half hitches (SbSb), but S2S2aSbSb remains occasionally insecure.
Conclusion: To reduce the risk of accidentally transforming a first H into an S knot, it is recommended to start with an H3, tie with force, avoid short sutures, and use bimanual suturing. This permits the recommendation to use preferentially H3H2 knots or 5 half hitches (SSSbSbSb). When in doubt, half knot combinations should be secured with at least 2 blocking half hitches.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2019.09.782 | DOI Listing |
BMC Plant Biol
December 2024
The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430000, China.
Background: The three-amino-acid-loop-extension (TALE) superfamily genes are broadly present in plants and play important roles in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. So far, the TALE family in B.napus have not been systematically studied, especially their potential roles in response to abiotic stress.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhys Rev Lett
December 2024
CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
By braiding non-Abelian anyons it is possible to realize fault-tolerant quantum algorithms through the computation of Jones polynomials. So far, this has been an experimentally formidable task. In this Letter, a photonic quantum system employing two-photon correlations and nondissipative imaginary-time evolution is utilized to simulate two inequivalent braiding operations of Majorana zero modes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhys Rev Lett
December 2024
QCD Labs, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
Ordered media often support vortex structures with intriguing topological properties. Here, we investigate non-Abelian vortices in tetrahedral order using the mathematical formalism of colored links. Due to the generality of our methods, the results apply to all physical systems governed by tetrahedral order, such as the cyclic phase of spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensates and the tetrahedratic phase of bent-core nematic liquid crystals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
December 2024
University of Wroclaw: Uniwersytet Wroclawski, Chemistry, 14 F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wroclaw, POLAND.
A subtle interplay between the flexibility of the 2,2'-bipyridyl-based diamine and the denticity of the coordination domain formed upon self-assembly enabled the formation of four distinct topologies stabilised by [Ag···Ag]2+ pairs. The reactions utilising 2,6-diformylpyridine resulted in the formation of silver(I)-stabilised molecular tweezer, trefoil knot, and Solomon link. The 1,8-naphthyridine-based dialdehyde promoted the formation of [2]catenanes and trefoil knot, demonstrating very close AgI···AgI distances.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Chem Phys
December 2024
Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
Molecular dynamics calculations have been used to explore the influence of knots on the strength of a polymer strand. In particular, the mechanism of breaking 31, 41, 51, and 52 prime knots has been studied using two very different models to represent the polymer: (1) the generic coarse-grained (CG) bead model of polymer physics and (2) a state-of-the-art machine learned atomistic neural network (NN) potential for polyethylene derived from electronic structure calculations. While there is a broad overall agreement between the results on the influence of the pulling rate on chain rupture based on the CG and atomistic NN models, for the simple 31 and 41 knots, significant differences are found for the more complex 51 and 52 knots.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!