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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0318-3 | DOI Listing |
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Defect-Induced Electron Localization Promotes DO Dissociation and Nitrile Adsorption for Deuterated Amines.
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Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
Electrochemical reductive deuteration of nitriles is a promising strategy for synthesizing deuterated amines with DO as the deuterated source. However, this reaction suffers from high overpotentials owing to the sluggish DO dissociation kinetics and high thermodynamic stability of the C≡N triple bond. Here, low-coordinated copper (LC-Cu) is designed to decrease the overpotential for the electrosynthesis of the precursor of Melatonin-d, 5-methoxytryptamine-d, by 100 mV with a 68 % yield (Faradaic efficiency), which is 4 times greater than that of high-coordinated copper (HC-Cu).
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Department of Psychology, University of Maine, 301 Williams Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5742, USA.
Cluster headache is a severe, poorly understood disorder for which there are as yet virtually no rationally derived treatments. Here, Lee Kudrow's 1983 theory, that cluster headache is an overly zealous response to hypoxia, is updated according to current understandings of hypoxia detection, signaling, and sensitization. It is shown that the distinctive clinical characteristics of cluster headache (circadian timing of attacks and circannual patterning of bouts, autonomic symptoms, and agitation), risk factors (cigarette smoking; male gender), triggers (alcohol; nitroglycerin), genetic findings (GWAS studies), anatomical substrate (paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, solitary tract nucleus/NTS, and trigeminal nucleus caudalis), neurochemical features (elevated levels of galectin-3, nitric oxide, tyramine, and tryptamine), and responsiveness to treatments (verapamil, lithium, melatonin, prednisone, oxygen, and histamine desensitization) can all be understood in terms of hypoxic signaling.
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Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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