Background: Social exclusion (ostracism) can lead to interactional frustration and may play an important role as trigger and symptom amplifier in affective disorders. To investigate immediate emotional and behavioral reactions as well as coping, social exclusion can be mimicked in experimental situations, e.g. in the Cyberball paradigm, a virtual ball tossing game which is well established in social psychology. The present cross-diagnostic study compares the responses to social exclusion in patients with chronic depression (CD), episodic depression (ED) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in comparison to a healthy control group.
Methods: After baseline characterization, 120 participants (29 patients with CD, 20 with ED, 28 with BPD and 43 healthy controls) played Cyberball with two virtual players and complete exclusion after three times receiving the ball. Thereafter, standard questionnaires were applied for measuring needs, threats, inner tension, emotions and behavioral intentions.
Results: Patients with CD showed a higher intensity of ostracism and aversive impact, as well as the wish to escape the situation (behavioral intention) compared to ED. In most categories, CD and ED had scores between BPD and healthy controls (with this sequence) and with BPD patients showing the largest difference to healthy controls.
Limitations: The assessment did neither include objective behavioral measures (which is a general limitation in the majority of studies using Cyberball) nor any biological variables. The sample sizes of the diagnostic subgroups were moderate.
Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that social exclusion situations lead to a more aversive emotional and behavioral reaction in CD compared to ED. Psychological and biological underpinnings of these reactions should be addressed in future transdiagnostic studies. Moreover, psychotherapy in CD should focus on specific needs of CD patients for developing a functional coping in threatening interpersonal situations.
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