The Role of Checkpoint Inhibitors and Cytokines in Adoptive Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy with Genetically Modified T Cells.

This review focuses on the structure and molecular action mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and major aspects of the manufacturing and clinical application of products for the CAR-T (CAR-modified T lymphocyte) therapy of hematological and solid tumors with special emphasis on the strategies for combined use of CAR-T therapy with immuno-oncological monoclonal antibodies (checkpoint inhibitors) and cytokines to boost survival, persistence, and antitumor efficacy of CAR-T therapy. The review also summarizes preclinical and clinical data on the additive effects of the combined use of CAR-T therapy with interleukins and monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints.