In order to identify most suitable ionic liquids (ILs) for potential applications in infection prevention and control, in the present study we comparatively evaluated the antimicrobial potency and hemolytic activity of 15 ILs, including 11 previously described and four newly synthesized ILs, using standard microbiological procedures against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ILs showing the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were tested for their hemolytic activity. Three ILs characterized by low MIC values and low hemolytic activity, namely 1-methyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide, 1-dodecyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide, and 1-dodecyl-1-methylpiperidinium bromide were further investigated to determine their minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and their ability to inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Killing kinetics results revealed that both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are rapidly killed after exposure to MBC of the selected ILs. Furthermore, the selected ILs efficiently inhibited biofilm formation by S. aureus or P. aeruginosa. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study investigating the antimicrobial potential of different types of ionic liquids using standard microbiological procedures. In the overall, the selected ILs showed low hemolytic and powerful antimicrobial activity, and efficient inhibition of biofilm formation, especially against S. aureus, suggesting their possible application as anti-biofilm agents.
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