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Microglia are highly specialized resident macrophages in the central nervous system that play a pivotal role in modulating neuroinflammation. Microglial plasticity is essential for their function, allowing them to polarize into proinflammatory M1-like or anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. However, the mechanisms driving M1 and M2 microglial induction during retinal degeneration remain largely unexplored.

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Purpose: Here we examine the association of anti-inflammatory therapy with anatomical and functional outcomes of epiretinal membrane surgery.

Methods: The study included consecutive patients having gone through epiretinal membrane surgery at Helsinki University Hospital, Finland, between 2017 and 2021. The association of perioperative intravitreal and postoperative topical anti-inflammatory therapies with surgical outcomes was assessed.

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Aim: This study aims to compare the effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and bevacizumab (IVB) in diabetic macular edema (DME) management.

Methodology: A prospective interventional study was conducted at a tertiary eye care hospital in Tamil Nadu, India. The study received approval from the institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

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To examine the trends and outcomes in the management of Coats disease and evaluate the effects of a staged therapeutic approach using transpupillary laser vascular ablation, intravitreal (IVT) bevacizumab, and adjunct as-needed posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide (used only in cases with a persistent active exudation) on globe retention, anatomic status, and visual acuity (VA). An evaluation was performed from 2005 to 2023. Previous case series published in the literature were reviewed.

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Currently, generalized therapy for traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is lacking. Various strategies have been developed to protect and regenerate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after TON. Intravitreal injection of supplements has been approved as a promising approach, although serious concerns, such as low delivery efficacy and pain due to frequent injections, remain.

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