Conventional algorithms for selecting study designs are difficult to use for a novice researcher, especially the postgraduate students. An inherent limitation of using the existing algorithms is the requirement of a priori knowledge of the characteristics of various study designs. We propose a simple and novel 3-question approach to select study designs. The questions are asked in a stepwise manner with answers in 'yes' or 'no'. The responses to each of these questions lead the researcher towards choosing the appropriate study design. We believe that this 3-question approach would be useful for unexperienced researchers in selecting study designs, besides serving as a tool to teach-learn selection of study designs.
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Langmuir
January 2025
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
The recovery of valuable materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has experienced increasing demand in recent years. Current recycling technologies are typically energy-intensive and are often plagued by high operation costs, low processing efficiency, and environmental pollution concerns. In this study, an efficient and environmentally friendly dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based approach is proposed to separate the main components of "black mass" mixtures from LIBs, specifically lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and graphite, based on their polarizability differences.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
January 2025
Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.
Unveiling the key influencing factors towards electrode/electrolyte interface control is a long-standing challenge for a better understanding of microscopic electrode kinetics, which is indispensable to building up guiding principles for designer electrocatalysts with desirable functionality. Herein, we exemplify the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) via water molecule oxidation with the iridium dioxide electrocatalyst and uncovered the significant mismatching effect of pH between local electrode surface and bulk electrolyte: the intrinsic OER activity under acidic or near-neutral condition was deciphered to be identical by adjusting this pH mismatching. This result indicates that the local pH effect at the electrified solid-liquid interface plays the main role in the "fake" OER performance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMacromol Biosci
January 2025
Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Invasive fungal infections cause over 3.7 million deaths worldwide annually, underscoring the critical need for new antifungal agents. Developing selective antifungal agents is challenging due to the shared eukaryotic nature of both fungal and mammalian cells.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFXenobiotica
January 2025
Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic respiratory disorder for which pirfenidone is the recommended first-line anti-fibrotic treatment. While pirfenidone has demonstrated efficacy in slowing the progression of IPF, its use is associated with several challenges and unresolved issues that impact patient outcomes. Pirfenidone administration can result in gastrointestinal side effects, photosensitivity reactions, and significant drug interactions, particularly in patients with hepatic impairment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg
January 2025
Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Objective: To evaluate factors impacting access to and timing of surgery in patients with submucous cleft palate (SMCP) and velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD).
Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.
Setting: Single academic medical center.
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