Retrospective genetic analysis illustrates the spectrum of autosomal Alport syndrome in a case of living-related donor kidney transplantation.

Background: Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice in end-stage renal disease due to Alport syndrome (AS). However, the chances of finding an adequate living-related donor in AS are much worse compared to non-heritable conditions. Successful cases of related living-donor transplantation mostly refer to X-linked AS but are rarely reported in genetically confirmed autosomal AS.

Case Presentation: We describe the outcome of an exceptional AB0-incompatible kidney donation from father to son in a family with altered COL4A3. While decision-making was based on extensive clinical donor evaluation prior to transplantation, we analyzed the underlying genetic background in retrospect and associated these findings with the phenotype in all available family members. While biallelic COL4A3 variants caused autosomal recessive AS (ARAS) in the son (recipient), heterozygous family members, including the father (donor), showed minimal renal involvement and high-frequency sensorineural hearing impairment later in life indicating mild autosomal dominant Alport syndrome (ADAS). The recipient's successful participation in the European and World Transplant Games is a testament to the positive outcome of transplantation.

Conclusions: In summary, living-related donor transplantation may be successful in autosomal AS, provided that thorough clinical and genetic evaluation of potential donors is performed. However, unrelated kidney transplantation should be given priority upon unpredictable genetic risk. Individual genetic variant interpretation is an important component of personalized donor assessment and will help to better predict genetic risk in the future.