Multidrug resistance in anaerobes.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in anaerobes is not a well-known topic. group isolates have numerous resistance determinants such as multidrug efflux pumps, and genes and activating insertion sequences, and some isolates exhibited extensive drug-resistant patterns. MDR rates in group were from 1.5 to >18% and up to >71% in and positive isolates carrying insertion sequences. MDR was present in >1/2 of isolates, most often in epidemic/hypervirulent strains and unusually high metronidazole or vancomycin resistance has been reported in single studies. MDR was found in spp. (in ≤10% of isolates), spp. and . Resistance in the anaerobes tends to be less predictable and anaerobic microbiology is required in more laboratories. New hopes may be new antibiotics such as eravacycline, cadazolid, surotomycin, ridinilazol or toxoid vaccines; however, more efforts are needed to track the MDR in anaerobes.