Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of agriculture, but the extent, trajectory, and implications of these early changes are not well understood. An empirical global assessment of land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) to 1850 CE reveals a planet largely transformed by hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists by 3000 years ago, considerably earlier than the dates in the land-use reconstructions commonly used by Earth scientists. Synthesis of knowledge contributed by more than 250 archaeologists highlighted gaps in archaeological expertise and data quality, which peaked for 2000 yr B.P. and in traditionally studied and wealthier regions. Archaeological reconstruction of global land-use history illuminates the deep roots of Earth's transformation and challenges the emerging Anthropocene paradigm that large-scale anthropogenic global environmental change is mostly a recent phenomenon.
Objectives: to analyze the editorial discourses of Acta Paulista de Enfermagem from 1988 to 2017.
Methods: qualitative, historical, oral research, with interviews with the journal's editors. Statements were categorized and presented in three decades, discussed from Foucault's archaeological perspective.
This study examines the preservation challenges of archaeological iron, bone, and glass within shared environments focusing on material-specific degradation mechanisms. The relative humidity (RH) requirements for these materials can vary significantly. Iron presents distinct stability groups at specific RH thresholds, albeit levels below 30% RH are recommended for sensitive artefacts.
Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química, Universdad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain.
This work describes the effects of using neutron irradiation on cellulose and non-destructive methods to analyze linen fabrics of high heritage value. For this purpose, 8 samples were irradiated with increasing doses of neutrons and gamma rays up to 166 kGy of total dose. The samples were characterized by techniques such as ultraviolet luminescence, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.
Background And Aims: The absence of a modern plant-based 'dicotyledon' phytolith reference baseline impedes the accurate interpretation of fossil phytolith records in archaeological and palaeoecological research within North-western Europe. This study aims to fill this gap by documenting and analysing the phytolith record from modern dicotyledon taxa occurring in this region.
Methods: Phytoliths were extracted from several plant parts of 117 plant specimens representing 74 species (1-2 specimens/species).
Portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) devices are commonly utilized to analyze the chemical composition of various materials, such as archaeological pottery and siliceous substances. The discussion regarding the suitability of this method for such samples is ongoing, as the data are often said to be quantitatively unreliable. Nevertheless, the development of coefficient corrections (coefcors) offers a means to transparently demonstrate the quality and comparability of p-XRF data.
