An analytical model of bubble-facilitated vapor intrusion.

Mass transfer from nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to entrapped air induced by a fluctuating water table commonly occurs in residual NAPL zones in aquifers. Gas bubble expansion and vertical migration due to interphase mass transfer could facilitate the upward transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the aquifer and result in higher mass fluxes into a building relative to those of diffusion-limited (D-L) VOC transport. However, the current vapor intrusion models have not considered bubble migration. In this study, an analytical solution of bubble-facilitated (B-F) VOC transport in the unsaturated-saturated zone was developed. The analytical solution was tested by a numerical solution using the finite-difference method. Sensitivity analyses of model parameters were implemented to understand the VOC transport behaviors. The effects of bubble migration on vapor intrusion pathway completion time (t) and the attenuation factor (AF) were investigated by comparison with the D-L VOC transport model. The results indicate that the D-L model significantly overestimates the t and underestimates the AF because the model neglects the impacts of bubble migration. Therefore, one may make an inappropriate decision and set up an inappropriate response action schedule if using the D-L model to assess the risk of bubble-facilitated vapor intrusion. The analytical solution was applied to a laboratory experiment. The analytical model managed to interpret the laboratory experiment data, showing that the mass flux of B-F VOC transport is two orders of magnitude higher than that of D-L VOC transport.