This study aims to determine a baseline for natural soil carbon dioxide (CO) flux at the surface based on long-term field measurements, with the ultimate purpose to detect the gas leakage at CO geological storage sites. CO surface monitoring is a tool that measures the safety and effectiveness of CO capture and storage (CCS), a technology which is believed to be a reliable approach to mitigate the CO emission. However, the fluctuations of naturally occurring CO in soil layers complicate the leakage detection as the soil connects both the underground layers and the atmosphere. In this regard, this study not only investigates the natural surface CO flux behavior but also develops an equation to estimate the surface CO flux with respect to the soil moisture content and temperature. To meet this end, two values within the CO flux equation were defined and calculated based on the field measurements; a, representing a water saturation-dependent value, and b, representing the temperature sensitivity (independent of the water saturation). The results show a good agreement between estimated and measured data. Upon which, the maximum baseline for surface CO flux was derived and used as a threshold to detect the potential CO leakage in the candidate field (INAS, Japan).
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