AI Article Synopsis

  • * A study measuring protease levels in lung fluid from healthy nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, and e-cigarette users (vapers) found that vapers had similar elevated levels of harmful proteases to smokers, while levels of protective antiproteases remained unchanged.
  • * The research indicated that the nicotine in e-cigarettes stimulates the release of these harmful proteases from immune cells in the lungs, suggesting that vaping may not be a safer alternative to

Article Abstract

Proteolysis is a key aspect of the lung's innate immune system. Proteases, including neutrophil elastase and MMPs (matrix metalloproteases), modulate cell signaling, inflammation, tissue remodeling, and leukocyte recruitment via cleavage of their target proteins. Excessive proteolysis occurs with chronic tobacco use and is causative for bronchiectasis and emphysema. The effect of e-cigarettes (vaping) on proteolysis is unknown. We used protease levels as biomarkers of harm to determine the impact of vaping on the lung. We performed research bronchoscopies on healthy nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, and e-cigarette users (vapers), and determined protease levels in BAL. In parallel, we studied the effects of e-cigarette components on protease secretion in isolated human blood neutrophils and BAL-derived macrophages. We also analyzed the nicotine concentration in induced sputum and BAL. Neutrophil elastase, MMP-2, and MMP-9 activities and protein levels were equally elevated in both vapers' and smokers' BAL relative to nonsmokers. In contrast, antiprotease levels were unchanged. We also found that exposure of isolated neutrophils and macrophages to nicotine elicited dose-dependent increases in protease release. After vaping, measurable levels of nicotine were detectable in sputum and BAL, which corresponded to the half-maximal effective concentration values for protease release seen in immune cells. We conclude that vaping induces nicotine-dependent protease release from resident pulmonary immune cells. Thus, chronic vaping disrupts the protease-antiprotease balance by increasing proteolysis in lung, which may place vapers at risk of developing chronic lung disease. These data indicate that vaping may not be safer than tobacco smoking.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884043PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201903-0615OCDOI Listing

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