From IR to x-rays: gaining molecular level insights on metal-organic frameworks through spectroscopy.

This topical review focuses on the application of several types of spectroscopy methods to a class of solid state materials called metal organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are self-assembled, porous crystalline materials composed of metal cluster nodes linked through coordination bonds with organic or organometallic molecular constituents. Their unique host-guest properties make them attractive for many adsorption-based applications such as gas storage and separation, catalysis, sensing and others. While much research focuses on the development and application of these materials, fundamental studies of MOF properties and molecular level host-guest interactions behind their functionality have become a significant research direction on its own. Spectroscopy methods are now ubiquitous tools in this pursuit. This review focuses on the application of three classes of spectroscopy methods to MOF materials: vibrational, optical electronic and x-ray spectroscopies. Following brief introductions to each method that include pertinent theory and experimental considerations, we present a broad overview of the types of MOF systems that have been studied, with specific examples and important new molecular level insights highlighted along the way. The current status of spectroscopic studies of MOFs is presented at the end along with some perspectives on the future directions in this area of research.