In this article, the authors review the different types of sinus node and atrioventricular node diseases that lead to bradyarrhythmias with their associated symptoms, the diagnostic investigations needed to assess the degree of disease, and the therapeutic management, including the indications for permanent pacing.
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Bradyarrhythmias for the Internist.
Med Clin North Am
September 2019
Lancashire Cardiac Center, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY38NR, UK. Electronic address:
In this article, the authors review the different types of sinus node and atrioventricular node diseases that lead to bradyarrhythmias with their associated symptoms, the diagnostic investigations needed to assess the degree of disease, and the therapeutic management, including the indications for permanent pacing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF[Hypothyroidism-when and how to treat?].
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Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.
The diagnosis of hypothyroidism is primarily based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by elevated TSH with normal serum free thyroxine (fT) and triiodothyronine (fT) levels, while in manifest hypothyroidism serum fT and fT levels are reduced. Common causes of primary hypothyroidism are autoimmune thyroiditis as well as therapeutic interventions, such as thyroid surgery or radioiodine therapy.
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January 2015
Praxisklinik Herz und Gefäße, Akademische Lehrpraxisklinik der TU Dresden, Forststr. 3, 01099, Dresden, Deutschland,
Background: Reflex syncope predominantly occurs in younger patients and is the most common type of syncope. Typical contributors to reflex syncope are orthostatic stress, followed by a delayed and inadequate circulatory response consisting of bradycardia (cardioinhibitory type) and hypotension (vasodepressor type). Comparably, syncope may occur after direct activation of the vagus nerve, after emotional distress or pain, and in specific situations, such as coughing and post-micturition.
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Abteilung für Kardiologie, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
In Switzerland, in 2011, 4463 patients underwent pacemaker implantation. This review article focusses on basic pacemaker functions, some fundamental remarks on pacemaker therapy and especially indications and pacemaker models. The current guidelines for PM indications date from the years 2007 [1] and 2008 [2] and form the basis of this article.
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Klinik für Kardiologie, Angiologie, Pneumologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Herzzentrum der Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Strasse 62, Köln, Germany.
β-blockers clearly prolong life in patients with heart failure and after myocardial infarction in all controlled prospective trials. Nevertheless, many colleagues and even more patients fear unwanted effects like low blood pressure, bradycardia, increased bronchial resistance, or erectile dysfunction. There are a limited number of serious side effects, which have to be recognized.
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