Pharmacogenomics in clinical care.

Health care designed specifically for a person based on their genetic makeup ("personalized" or "precision" medicine) is expanding rapidly, especially in the area of drug selection. Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing, when drugs and doses are selected based on an individual's genetic profile, is increasingly being used to guide the selection of drugs or therapies to optimize outcomes and minimize side effects. Based on an individual's genetic blueprint, health care providers now have important information about how a drug is likely to behave in that individual's body. Pharmacogenomic information on drug labels is now available for nearly 250 drugs. Health care organizations are also increasingly making this information available to customers to reduce emergency department visits, improve outcomes (selecting the right chemotherapy doses), and reduce cost. This study reviews some of the challenges and benefits on using PGx testing to improve clinical outcomes.