Background: Prevalence estimates of cognitive impairment in HIV disease vary widely. Here we used multivariate normative comparison (MNC) with identify individuals with impaired cognition, and to compare the results with those using the Frascati and Gisslén criteria.
Methods: The current project used data collected before October 2014 from bisexual/gay men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. A total of 2904 men (mean age 39.7 years, 52.7% seropositive) had complete data in six cognitive domains at their first neuropsychological evaluation. T-scores were computed for each domain and the MNC was applied to detect impairment among seronegative and seropositive groups.
Results: The MNC classified 6.26% of seronegative men as being impaired using a predetermined 5% false discovery rate. By contrast, the Frascati and the Gisslén criteria identified 24.54 and 11.36% of seronegative men as impaired. For seropositive men, the percentage impairment was 7.45, 25.73, and 11.69%, respectively, by the MNC, Frascati and Gisslén criteria. When we used seronegative men without medical comorbidities as the control group, the MNC, the Frascati and the Gisslén criteria identified 5.05, 27.07, and 4.21% of the seronegative men, and 4.34, 30.95, and 4.48% of the seropositive men as having cognitive impairment. For each method, serostatus was not associated with cognitive impairment.
Conclusion: The MNC controls the false discovery rate and therefore avoids the low specificity that characterizes the Frascati and Gisslén criteria. More research is needed to evaluate the sensitivity of the MNC method in a seropositive population that may be sicker and older than the current study sample and that includes women.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002312 | DOI Listing |
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Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Apartado Postal 130, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, Mexico.
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Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, Via E. Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy.
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December 2024
Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Koramangala, Bangalore, 560034 India.
Ca ii K observations of the Sun have a great potential for probing the Sun's magnetism and activity, as well as for reconstructing solar irradiance. The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO) in India, houses one of the most prominent Ca ii K archives, spanning from 1904 to 2007, obtained under the same experimental conditions over a century, a feat very few other sites have achieved. However, the KoSO Ca ii K archive suffers from several inconsistencies (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNature
December 2024
Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Tailored light-matter interactions in the strong coupling regime enable the manipulation and control of quantum systems with up to unit efficiency, with applications ranging from quantum information to photochemistry. Although strong light-matter interactions are readily induced at the valence electron level using long-wavelength radiation, comparable phenomena have been only recently observed with short wavelengths, accessing highly excited multi-electron and inner-shell electron states. However, the quantum control of strong-field processes at short wavelengths has not been possible, so far, because of the lack of pulse-shaping technologies in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray domain.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNature
December 2024
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany.
Asteroid discoveries are essential for planetary-defense efforts aiming to prevent impacts with Earth, including the more frequent megaton explosions from decameter impactors. While large asteroids (≥100 km) have remained in the main belt since their formation, small asteroids are commonly transported to the near-Earth object (NEO) population. However, due to the lack of direct observational constraints, their size-frequency distribution -which informs our understanding of the NEOs and the delivery of meteorite samples to Earth-varies significantly among models.
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