Three new subfamilies of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae).

We obtained and analyzed whole genome data for more than 160 representatives of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae) from all known subfamilies, tribes and most distinctive genera. We found that two genera, Watson, 1893 and Karsch, 1895, which are sisters, are well-separated from all other major phylogenetic lineages and originate near the base of the Hesperiidae tree, prior to the origin of some subfamilies. Due to this ancient origin compared to other subfamilies, this group is described as Katreinae Grishin, DNA sequencing of primary type specimens reveals that Karsch, 1895 is not a female of Mabille, 1891, but instead a female of Holland, 1896. This finding establishes as a junior subjective synonym of . Furthermore, we see that Evans, 1949 does not originate within Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878, but, unexpectedly, forms an ancient lineage of its own at the subfamily rank: Chamundinae Grishin, . Finally, a group of two sister genera, de Nicéville, 1902 and Leech, [1893], originates around the time Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809 have split from their sister clade. A new subfamily Barcinae Grishin, sets them apart from all other Hesperiidae.