Smoking relapse risk is increased among individuals in recovery.

Background: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among individuals with a history of substance use disorders (SUDs) remains up to four times higher than those without a history of SUDs. More than half of individuals who attain sustained remission from SUDs will die of tobacco-related diseases. The aim of this secondary data analysis was to compare the risk for smoking relapse among smokers with no history of SUDs and smokers in recovery from SUDs after multi-component, cognitive-behavioral treatment for tobacco dependence.

Methods: Participants were randomized to receive 6 sessions of multicomponent cognitive-behavioral therapy (adapted for lower socioeconomic groups or standard), 8 weeks of nicotine patches, and were followed for 6 months in the parent randomized clinical trial. Participants passed a urine drug test prior to enrollment. Recovery was assessed at baseline by self-report to the question, "Do consider yourself in recovery from drugs or alcohol?" Relapse was defined as any smoking for 7 consecutive days.

Results: Participants were primarily lower SES and identified as racial and/or ethnic minorities. Cox proportional hazards models revealed that the risk of smoking relapse following tobacco dependence treatment was greater among smokers in long-term (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.05) and short-term (HR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.30, 3.03) recovery than for smokers with no history of SUDs.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that smokers in recovery from SUDs have 1.5-2 times the risk of relapse than smokers with no history of SUDs. More effective relapse prevention interventions are needed for this vulnerable, high-risk group of smokers.