AI Article Synopsis
- - The study investigates how non-typhoid Salmonella uses bile as a signal for biofilm formation, focusing on the interaction between the PhoP-PhoQ system and c-di-GMP signaling.
- - Researchers identified key genes involved in biofilm formation using 2-D gel electrophoresis and clarified their roles through quantitative real-time PCR.
- - Findings showed that certain Salmonella mutants with deficiencies in outer membrane components, flagella, or the PhoP-PhoQ system were unable to form biofilms in bile, suggesting that these mechanisms are crucial for biofilm development.
Article Abstract
Background: Non-typhoid Salmonella infection may present as acute gastroenteritis or chronic infection, primarily in the bile-rich gallbladder. Biofilm formation is a mechanism of bile resistance in Salmonella. Our aim was to determine how Salmonella utilizes bile as a signal, and to study the relevance of the interaction between the PhoP-PhoQ two-component system and cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) signaling to biofilm formation.
Methods: Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was used to identify genes required for Salmonella biofilm formation in bile. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to clarify the role of the PhoP-PhoQ two-component system and its interaction with genes involved in the c-di-GMP network during biofilm formation.
Results: Our result revealed that Salmonella mutants with incomplete outer membrane (△ompA), defective flagella (△flgE), or incomplete PhoP-PhoQ two-component system (△phoP), were unable to develop complete biofilms in the presence of bile. Moreover, PhoP-PhoQ two-component system-related Salmonella mutants (△phoP, △phoQ, △phoP△phoQ) had lower expression of c-di-GMP related genes (csgD, adrA) than the wild-type Salmonella strain had in the bile environment.
Conclusion: Salmonella may sense and respond to bile through the PhoP-PhoQ two-component system during biofilm formation. Furthermore, the PhoP-PhoQ two-component system might activate regulators of the c-di-GMP signaling network.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2019.06.003 | DOI Listing |
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