Comparison of the effects of bacteriophage-derived dsRNA and poly(I:C) on ex vivo cultivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), regardless of the origin and nucleotide sequence, exhibits multiple biological activities, including the establishment of an antiviral state and modulation of the immune response. Both involve the stimulation of innate immunity primarily via the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn shapes the adaptive immune response. In this study, we compared the immune response triggered by two different dsRNAs: 1) a well-known synthetic dsRNA-poly (I:C); and 2) bacteriophage-derived dsRNA (bf-dsRNA) that is a replicative form of ssRNA bacteriophage f2. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 61 heathy volunteers were stimulated ex vivo with both dsRNAs. Subsequently, activation markers on the main lymphocyte subpopulations were analysed by flow cytometry and the production of 29 different cytokines and chemokines was measured by Luminex xMAP technology. The effect of bf-dsRNA on ex vivo cultivated PBMCs is similar to that induced by poly(I:C), albeit with subtle dissimilarities. Both treatments increased expression of the lymphocyte CD38 marker and intracellular IFN-γ in CD8 T and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as the CD95 marker on the main lymphocyte subpopulations. Poly(I:C) was a stronger inducer of IL-6, IL-1β, and CCL4, whereas bf-dsRNA induced higher levels of IFN-α2, CXCL10, and CCL17. These differences might contribute to a distinct clinical manifestation when used as vaccine adjuvants, and bf-dsRNA may have more profound activity against several types of bacteria.