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Neural stimulation leads to increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF), but simultaneous changes in covariates, such as arterial blood pressure (BP) and , rule out the use of CBF changes as a reliable marker of neurovascular coupling (NVC) integrity. Healthy subjects performed repetitive (1 Hz) passive elbow flexion with their dominant arm for 60 s. CBF velocity (CBFV) was recorded bilaterally in the middle cerebral artery with transcranial Doppler, BP with the Finometer device, and end-tidal CO (EtCO) with capnography. The simultaneous effects of neural stimulation, BP, and on CBFV were expressed with a dynamic multivariate model, using BP, EtCO, and stimulation [()] as inputs. Two versions of () were considered: a gate function [()] or an orthogonal decomposition [()] function. A separate CBFV step response was extracted from the model for each of the three inputs, providing estimates of dynamic cerebral autoregulation [CA; autoregulation index (ARI)], CO reactivity [vasomotor reactivity step response (VMR)], and NVC [stimulus step response (STIM)]. In 56 subjects, 224 model implementations produced excellent predictive CBFV correlation (median = 0.995). Model-generated (), for both dominant (DH) and nondominant (NDH) hemispheres, was highly significant during stimulation (<10) and was correlated with the CBFV change ( = 0.73, = 0.0001). The () explained a greater fraction of CBFV variance (~50%) than () (44%, = 0.002). Most CBFV step responses to the three inputs were physiologically plausible, with better agreement for the CBFV-BP step response yielding ARI values of 7.3 for both DH and NDH for (), and 6.9 and 7.4 for (), respectively. No differences between DH and NDH were observed for VMR or STIM. A new procedure is proposed to represent the contribution from other aspects of CBF regulation than BP and CO in response to sensorimotor stimulation as a tool for integrated, noninvasive, assessment of the multiple influences of dynamic CA, CO reactivity, and NVC in humans. A new approach was proposed to identify the separate contributions of stimulation, arterial blood pressure (BP), and arterial CO () to the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response observed in neurovascular coupling (NVC) studies in humans. Instead of adopting an empirical gate function to represent the stimulation input, a model-generated function is derived as part of the modeling process, providing a representation of the NVC response, independent of the contributions of BP or . This new marker of NVC, together with the model-predicted outputs for the contributions of BP, and stimulation, has considerable potential to both quantify and simultaneously integrate the separate mechanisms involved in CBF regulation, namely, cerebral autoregulation, CO reactivity and other contributions.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00175.2019 | DOI Listing |
J Chem Phys
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Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
This paper addresses the trade-off between sensitivity and sensing range in strain sensors, while introducing additional functionalities through an innovative 4D printing approach. The resulting ultraflexible sensor integrates carbon nanotubes/liquid metal hybrids and iron powders within an Ecoflex matrix. The optimization of this composition enables the creation of an uncured resin ideal for Direct Ink Writing (DIW) and a cured sensor with exceptional electromechanical, thermal, and magnetic performance.
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The dual-active-bridge series-resonant converter, offering galvanic isolation and high power density, is a viable and attractive solution for the isolated DC/DC power stage in Solid-State Transformers. Under the step load commands, the resonant tanks typically experience severe oscillations, which delay the transient response and the entry into the final steady state. To address these drawbacks, this paper proposes a dynamic trajectory prediction modulation (DTPM) method for adjusting the transient process.
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Behavioral and Social Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Survey studies are valuable tools that can quickly and cost-effectively collect data from diverse populations across different cultures and locations. When conducted across multiple countries, careful translation and cross-cultural adaptation are necessary to maintain the validity and reliability of the findings. This point is particularly important for patient-facing questionnaires, especially in fields like psychology and sexual medicine.
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