TLR4-dependent effects of ISAg treatment on conventional T cell polarization .

We recently demonstrated that the polysaccharide component of the Korean medicinal herb (immuno-stimulatory fraction of ; ISAg) induces anticancer effects in mice by activating natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells. However, it is unclear whether the use of ISAg can affect the differentiation of conventional T cells. Here, we investigated the effects of ISAg on the activation of conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells. We found that the administration of ISAg induced the polarization of CD4 T cells toward the acquisition of the Th1 phenotype . Additionally, in mice treated with ISAg, CD8 T cells produced more IFNγ than in control mice treated with PBS. Moreover, treatment with ISAg activated CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as NK and NKT cells, resulting in the secretion of Th1-type cytokines in a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, implying that TLR4 is critical for an optimal Th1 response. Interestingly, ISAg treatment increased the number of Foxp3 Treg cells, but not of Th2 cells, compared to control mice treated with PBS, indicating that ISAg possesses an immunomodulatory capacity that can control adaptive immune responses. Taken together, our results indicate that ISAg possesses a Th1-enhancing activity that could be used to treat Th2-mediated allergic immune diseases such as atopic dermatitis.