Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
In response to the rapid development of genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops, the use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), in agriculture, has increased substantially. Currently, it is estimated that 747 million kg of GBHs are applied per year. Although several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that there are health risks associated with GBH exposure, the effects these chemicals have on the oxidative and inflammatory response in the brain are still unclear. In fact, alterations in these processes could contribute to the development of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorders. The present study exposed pregnant rats to GBH and evaluated changes in the expression of genes related to oxidnte defense and inflammation response and monitored the serum metabolome in the adult male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered distilled water or Roundup, at either 5 and 50 mg/kg/day, (p.o.) from gestational day (GD) 18 to postnatal day (PND) 5. There was a significant increase in the gene expression levels of Neuroglobin (Ngb - oxygen storage and tissue protection) (105%, p = 0.031), Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (Gpx1 - oxidative stress) (95%, p = 0.005), Prostaglandin-Endoperoxidase Synthase 1 (Ptgs1 - inflammation) (109%, p = 0.033) and Hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (Hif1α - oxygen sensor) (73%, p = 0.017), in the cerebellum of PND90 rats perinatally exposed to 50 mg GBH/kg/day. Moreover, both GBH-exposed groups displayed a significant decrease in the expression of Catalase (Cat - oxidative stress) (49%, p = 0.003; and 31% p = 0.050, respectively) expression, in the cortex. Serum metabolites analyses, from the same animals of each group, demonstrated that there were significant changes in the concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine, which have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The results of the present study suggest GBH exposure during pregnancy alters the expression of genes associated with oxidant defense, inflammation and lipid metabolism. It is plausible that maternal GBH exposure could have lasting neuronal effects on the offspring later in life.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2019.06.004 | DOI Listing |
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