Reduced thermal variability in cities and its impact on honey bee thermal tolerance.

Urbanization is one of the most significant land cover transformations, and while climate alteration is one of its most cited ecological consequences we have very limited knowledge on its effect on species' thermal responses. We investigated whether changes in environmental thermal variability caused by urbanization influence thermal tolerance in honey bees () in a semi-arid city in central Mexico. Ambient environmental temperature and honey bee thermal tolerance were compared in urban and rural sites. Ambient temperature variability decreased with urbanization due to significantly higher nighttime temperatures in urban compared to rural sites and not from differences in maximum daily temperatures. Honey bee thermal tolerance breadth [critical thermal maxima (CT)-critical thermal minima (CT)] was narrower for urban bees as a result of differences in cold tolerance, with urban individuals having significantly higher CT than rural individuals, and CT not differing among urban and rural individuals. Honey bee body size was not correlated to thermal tolerance, and body size did not differ between urban and rural individuals. We found that honey bees' cold tolerance is modified through acclimation. Our results show that differences in thermal variability along small spatial scales such as urban-rural gradients can influence species' thermal tolerance breadths.