Microbes typically exist in mixed communities and display complex synergistic and antagonistic interactions. The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and represents a contractile nano-machine that can fire effector proteins directly into neighbouring cells. The primary role assigned to the T6SS is to function as a potent weapon during inter-bacterial competition, delivering antibacterial effectors into rival bacterial cells. However, it has recently emerged that the T6SS can also be used as a powerful weapon against fungal competitors, and the first fungal-specific T6SS effector proteins, Tfe1 and Tfe2, have been identified. These effectors act via distinct mechanisms against a variety of fungal species to cause cell death. Tfe1 intoxication triggers plasma membrane depolarisation, whilst Tfe2 disrupts nutrient uptake and induces autophagy. Based on the frequent coexistence of bacteria and fungi in microbial communities, we propose that T6SS-dependent antifungal activity is likely to be widespread and elicited by a suite of antifungal effectors. Supporting this hypothesis, homologues of Tfe1 and Tfe2 are found in other bacterial species, and a number of T6SS-elaborating species have been demonstrated to interact with fungi. Thus, we envisage that antifungal T6SS will shape many polymicrobial communities, including the human microbiota and disease-causing infections.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5020050 | DOI Listing |
BMC Pediatr
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Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 355 Luding Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Case Presentation: Here, we report a boy with intractable diarrhea diagnosed with early-onset IPEX syndrome due to the c.
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State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. Electronic address:
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Guangzhou key laboratory for research and development of crop germplasm resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China. Electronic address:
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Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou, PR China; Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, PR China; National Collection of Microbial Resource for Fertilizer (Hainan), PR China; Collection of Tropical Agricultural Microbial Resource in Hainan province, PR China. Electronic address:
The secreted isochorismatases derived from certain filamentous pathogens play vital roles in the infection of host plants by lowering salicylic acid (SA) levels and suppressing SA-mediated defense pathway. However, it remains unclear whether the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
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