Multiantigenic Nanotoxoids for Antivirulence Vaccination against Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria.

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria have emerged as a major threat to public health worldwide. The high mortality and prevalence, along with the slow pace of new antibiotic discovery, highlight the necessity for new disease management paradigms. Here, we report on the development of a multiantigenic nanotoxoid vaccine based on macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles for eliciting potent immunity against pathogenic . The design of this biomimetic nanovaccine leverages the specific role of macrophages in clearing pathogens and their natural affinity for various virulence factors secreted by the bacteria. It is demonstrated that the macrophage nanotoxoid is able to display a wide range of antigens, and the safety of the formulation is confirmed both and . When used to vaccinate mice different administration routes, the nanotoxoid is capable of eliciting strong humoral immune responses that translate into enhanced protection against live bacterial infection in a pneumonia model. Overall, the work presented here provides new insights into the design of safe, multiantigenic antivirulence vaccines using biomimetic nanotechnology and the application of these nanovaccines toward the prevention of difficult-to-treat Gram-negative infections.