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Macrophages excite muscle spindles with glutamate to bolster locomotion.
Nature
December 2024
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Article Synopsis
- The stretch reflex is a key part of movement, involving muscle spindles that detect tension changes and trigger muscle contractions via nerve signals in the spinal cord.
- Researchers have discovered a unique type of macrophage in muscle spindles that can produce and release glutamate, enhancing communication between sensory neurons and muscles.
- Silencing these macrophages disrupts the stretch reflex and affects locomotion in mice, suggesting that they play a crucial role in sensory feedback and movement regulation, with potential implications for new treatments in movement disorders.
Disengagement of somatostatin neurons from lateral septum circuitry by oxytocin and vasopressin restores social-fear extinction and suppresses aggression outbursts in Prader-Willi syndrome model.
Biol Psychiatry
October 2023
Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, France. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- The study investigates how the symptoms of social signal processing in Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) can be influenced by neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP), particularly focusing on their effects in the lateral septum (LS) of the brain.
- It uses a mouse model with a knockout of the Magel2 gene, employing various experimental techniques to observe the role of OXT and AVP in social-fear situations and identify neuronal pathways involved.
- The findings reveal that deficits in OXT and AVP signaling lead to disrupted social-fear responses by affecting certain inhibitory neurons in the LS, providing insights that could pave the way for new treatment strategies for autism spectrum disorders.
Optogenetic activation of mesencephalic projections to the nucleus accumbens shell impairs probabilistic reversal learning by disrupting learning from negative reinforcement.
Eur J Neurosci
December 2024
Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Cognitive flexibility, the capacity to adapt behaviour to changes in the environment, is impaired in a range of brain disorders, including schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Putative neural substrates of cognitive flexibility include mesencephalic pathways to the ventral striatum (VS) and dorsomedial striatum (DMS), hypothesized to encode learning signals needed to maximize rewarded outcomes during decision-making. However, it is unclear whether mesencephalic projections to the ventral and dorsal striatum are distinct in their contribution to flexible reward-related learning.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNOise Reduction with DIstribution Corrected (NORDIC) principal component analysis improves brain activity detection across rodent and human functional MRI contexts.
Imaging Neurosci (Camb)
October 2024
Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
NOise Reduction with DIstribution Corrected (NORDIC) principal component analysis (PCA) has been shown to selectively suppress thermal noise and improve the temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) in human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, the feasibility to improve data quality for rodent fMRI using NORDIC PCA remains uncertain. NORDIC PCA may also be particularly beneficial for improving topological brain mapping, as conventional mapping requires precise spatiotemporal signals from large datasets (ideally ~1 hour acquisition) for individual representations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCorrection: Engineering of fast-growing Vibrio natriegens for biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-lactate).
Bioresour Bioprocess
October 2024
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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