Molecular characterization of alterations in the intestinal microbiota of patients with grade 3 hypertension.

Hypertension has become a major risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and kidney disorders. It has been reported that the composition of human gut microbiota is changed during the progression of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. The current study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the composition of gut microbiota between patients with hypertension and healthy controls. Fecal samples were collected from 50 patients diagnosed with grade 3 hypertension and 30 healthy controls. Touchdown PCR‑denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis with primers specifically targeting the V3 region of 16S ribosomal RNA, and quantitative PCR, were performed to characterize all the samples. High‑throughput sequencing of the V3‑V4 regions was performed on 30 randomly selected samples. By comparing diversity and richness indices, the gut microbiome of the hypertensive individuals was found to be more diverse than that of the healthy controls. Among the main bacterial phlya that reside in the gut, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were dominant in all the samples; however the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio was variable, with a significant increase in the patients with hypertension compared with the healthy control group. In addition, at the genus level, there was an increased abundance of Prevotella_9, Megasphaera, Parasutterella and Escherichia‑Shigella in patients with hypertension, while Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium were decreased. These results suggested that the human gut microbiota is altered in hypertension, and understanding the mechanism of these changes in microbial composition may open up new insights, and help to treat hypertension and other related diseases.