Species Identification Based on the Morphology of Reproductive Organs and Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences.

The genus (Convolvulaceae) comprises well-known parasitic plants. species are scientifically valuable, as their life style causes extensive crop damage. Furthermore, dried seeds of are used as a Korean traditional herbal medicine. Despite the importance of species, it is difficult to distinguish these plants by the naked eye. Moreover, plastid sequence information available for species is limited. In this study, we distinguished between and using morphological characterisation of reproductive organs and molecular characterisation of chloroplast genomes. The differences in morphological characteristics of reproductive organs such as style, stigma, infrastaminal scale, seed shape and testa ornamentation were useful for distinguishing between and . Analysis of chloroplast genomes revealed drastic differences in chloroplast genome length and gene order between the two species. Although both species showed numerous gene losses and genomic rearrangements, chloroplast genomes showed highly similar structure within subgenera. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes revealed paraphyletic groups within subgenera and , which is consistent with the APG IV system of classification. Our results provide useful information for the taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of and accurate identification of herbal medicine.