Phenotypic plasticity of aposporous embryo sac development in .

Apomixis in follows a developmental pathway of apospory, where an unreduced embryo sac develops from a somatic ovule cell without meiosis. The avoidance of meiosis together with fertilization-independent seed formation leads to clonal progeny genetically identical to the maternal plant. We have previously described the initial developmental steps of aposporous embryo sac formation in and here, we cytologically observed more than 500 ovules with a focus on the later stages of embryo sac maturation. Aposporous embryo sac maturation is a stochastic process in with single or multiple embryo sacs formed, in addition to off-types and embryo sac abortion. The frequency of twin embryo sacs growing at the same rate is a rare event and, in most ovules, the additional embryo sac undergoes developmental arrest suggesting dominance or growth promotion of a single embryo sac. Observed deviations from the -type embryo sac in indicate developmental plasticity during embryo sac maturation. Nevertheless, fertilization-independent seed formation successfully occurs.