Genome wide molecular evolution analysis of begomoviruses reveals unique diversification pattern in coat protein gene of Old World and New World viruses.

Begomoviruses (Family-) are plant infecting single stranded DNA viruses known to evolve very fast. Here, we have analysed the DNA-A sequences of 302 begomoviruses reported as 'type isolates' from different countries following the list of International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses till 2017. Phylogenetic analysis was performed which revealed two major evolutionarily distinct groups namely Old World (OW) and New World (NW) viruses. Our work present evidence that gene has varied degree of diversification among the viruses reported from NW and OW. The NW viruses are more conserved in their gene sequences than that of OW viruses irrespective of host plant families. Further analysis reveals that gene differs in its recombination pattern among OW and NW viruses whereas gene is highly recombination prone in both OW and NW viruses. The sequence conservation in gene in NW viruses is a result of meagre recombination and subsequent low substitution rate in comparison to OW viruses. Our results demonstrated that the gene in NW viruses is less likely to possess nuclear localisation sequences than OW gene. Further we present evidence that the NW- is under the influence of strong purifying selection. We propose that the precoat protein () gene present exclusively in the 5' of cp gene in OW viruses is highly diversified and strong positive selection working on pcp gene might be attributing largely to the diversity of OW- gene.