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Usefulness of Size-Exclusion Chromatography-Multi-Angle Light Scattering to Assess Particle Composition and Protein Impurities for Quality Control of Therapeutic Exosome Preparations.
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Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are promising pharmaceutical modalities. They are purified from cell culture supernatant; however, the preparation may contain EVs with the desired therapeutic effects and different types of EVs, lipoproteins, and soluble proteins. Evaluating the composition of particulate impurities and the levels of protein impurities in final preparations is critical for quality control.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTargeting Cancer: Microenvironment and Immunotherapy Innovations.
Int J Mol Sci
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Center of Cellular Immunotherapies, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
In 2024, the United States was projected to experience 2 million new cancer diagnoses and approximately 611,720 cancer-related deaths, reflecting a broader global trend in which cancer cases are anticipated to exceed 35 million by 2050. This increasing burden highlights ongoing challenges in cancer treatment despite significant advances that have reduced cancer mortality by 31% since 1991. Key obstacles include the disease's inherent heterogeneity and complexity, such as treatment resistance, cancer stem cells, and the multifaceted tumor microenvironment (TME).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFImmortalization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Application in Regenerative Medicine and Their Potential Risks of Tumorigenesis.
Int J Mol Sci
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Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
Regenerative medicine utilizes stem cells to repair damaged tissues by replacing them with their differentiated cells and activating the body's inherent regenerative abilities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that possess tissue repair and regenerative capabilities and immunomodulatory properties with a much lower risk of tumorigenicity, making them a focus of numerous clinical trials worldwide. MSCs primarily exert their therapeutic effects through paracrine effects via secreted factors, such as cytokines and exosomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGenetically Engineered T Cells and Recombinant Antibodies to Target Intracellular Neoantigens: Current Status and Future Directions.
Int J Mol Sci
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Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
Recombinant antibodies and, more recently, T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cell therapies represent two immunological strategies that have come to the forefront of clinical interest for targeting intracellular neoantigens in benign and malignant diseases. T cell-based therapies targeting neoantigens use T cells expressing a recombinant complete TCR (TCR-T cell), a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with the variable domains of a neoepitope-reactive TCR as a binding domain (TCR-CAR-T cell) or a TCR-like antibody as a binding domain (TCR-like CAR-T cell). Furthermore, the synthetic T cell receptor and antigen receptor (STAR) and heterodimeric TCR-like CAR (T-CAR) are designed as a double-chain TCRαβ-based receptor with variable regions of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains (VH and VL) fused to TCR-Cα and TCR-Cβ, respectively, resulting in TCR signaling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCircumventing the Impossible: Cell-Free Synthesis of Protein Toxins for Medical and Diagnostic Applications.
Int J Mol Sci
December 2024
Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
Naturally occurring protein toxins can derive from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animal venom. Traditionally, toxins are known for their destructive effects on host cells. Despite, and sometimes even because of, these harmful effects, toxins have been used for medical benefits.
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