MEX3C regulates lipid metabolism to promote bladder tumorigenesis through JNK pathway.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common urinary cancer among men with a high rate of deaths despite the improved medical technology and treatment. Recent evidence demonstrated that Mex-3 RNA-Binding Family Member C (MEX3C) plays various roles in different biological activities, but its molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of BC remain unclear yet. The aim of this research was to explore the expression patterns of MEX3C and its biological functions in human BC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine databases were jointly used to analyze the expression of MEX3C in BC and its correlation with the clinicopathological features, while real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to verify the predicted results. Wound-healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, BODIPY staining and Western blot analysis were used in a cell model to assess the effect of MEX3C on the lipid metabolism, invasion and migration of BC and its mechanisms. MEX3C was highly expressed in BC tissues and cells compared with their normal counterparts, and its expression was positively correlated with the clinicopathological features, especially the invasiveness phenotype. Overexpression of MEX3C accumulated lipid droplets and promoted cell adhesion, invasion and migration. We further demonstrated that MEX3C regulated lipid metabolism and promoted tumor development and progression through activation of JNK signaling and upregulating the JNK downstream protein levels of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1, fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1. Here we identified MEX3C as a new oncogene to promote bladder tumorigenesis by regulating lipid metabolism through Mitogen-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (MAPK/JNK) pathway. These findings suggest a new role of MEX3C in promoting BC tumorigenesis and provide a novel biomarker or molecular target for diagnosis or treating BC.