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Morphine's role in macrophage polarization: Exploring M1 and M2 dynamics and disease susceptibility.
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Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India. Electronic address:
Morphine is a globally prevalent substance of misuse, renowned for its immunosuppressive effects mediated through opioid receptors expressed on immune cells. Macrophages are crucial antigen-presenting cells that fulfill diverse roles, such as antigen presentation, phagocytosis, wound healing, and disease protection. They are typically classified based on their activation states: M1 (proinflammatory), M2 (anti-inflammatory), and M0 (resting).
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J Pain Res
January 2025
Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
Background: The tooth exhibits increased sensitivity to noxious stimuli due to the dense innervation of thin myelinated Aδ fibers and unmyelinated C fibers within the dental pulp. While prior research has identified dynorphin expression in layers I-II of the dorsal horn across the spinal cord in various pain models, its functional role in trigeminal nociception, including tooth pain, remains underexplored. This study examines the potential role of dynorphin in the nociceptive processing of dental stimuli.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFActivation of G protein gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in keratinocytes mediates peripheral kappa opioid receptor-mediated antinociception.
Neuropharmacology
January 2025
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA. Electronic address:
Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) expressed by peripheral pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors) are a promising target for development of effective and safer analgesics for inflammatory pain that are devoid of central nervous system adverse effects. Here we sought to delineate the signaling pathways that underlie peripheral KOR-mediated antinociception in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. In an inflammatory model of pain, local intraplantar (i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSynthesis and biological evaluation of new dual APN/NEP inhibitors as potent analgesics.
Bioorg Chem
January 2025
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China. Electronic address:
An alternative approach for the management of acute and chronic pains involves prolonging the half-life of endogenous opiates, such as enkephalins that are released in response to nociceptive stimuli. This can be achieved through the inhibition of enzymatic pathways responsible for the hydrolysis of these peptides, particularly targeting Aminopeptidase N (APN) and Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP). In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of dual enkephalinase inhibitors (DENKIs) targeting both APN and NEP as novel analgesic treatments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe comparative effectiveness of medicinal cannabis for chronic pain versus prescription medication treatment.
Pain
January 2025
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
Reviews of the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis for chronic pain vary in their conclusions. IASP has identified that a key missing evidence in this debate is data from observational cohort studies, analyzed with comparative effectiveness methods. In a medically supervised context to the use of marijuana for chronic pain, we identified 440 patients certified for medical marijuana by pain specialists in a single healthcare system.
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